Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is the bulk degradation process of cellular cytosolic components, such as defective proteins and damaged organelles. Therefore, the isolation and removal of damaged mitochondria are necessary to maintain the function of astrocytes. This mitochondrial damage leads to the dysfunction and death of astrocytes. Ischemia, hypoxia and traumatic injury cause oxidative stress which results in mitochondrial damage. Key wordsĪutophagy, mitophagy, LC3, GABARAPL2, GATE-16, GABARAP IntroductionĪstrocytes function to form the blood–brain barrier, provide nutrients to neurons, retain the extracellular ion balance, surround synapses, and process information with neurons. The mechanism underlying the role of GABARAPL2 in mitophagy requires further investigations. Thus, GABARAPL2 might function in the process of mitophagy during the formation of autophagosomes, and the expressions of GABARAPL2 and LC3B were regulated differently. In contrast, CCCP upregulated the conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II, but it did not affect the expression of total LC3B. In this study, we demonstrated that both the expression of total GABARAPL2 and the conversion of unconjugated-GABARAPL2 (GABARAPL2-I) to PE-conjugated GABARAPL2 (GABARAPL2-II) were upregulated by carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazine (CCCP), which induces mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 (GABARAPL2) is the paralog of LC3B, and its function is not clear.
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-conjugated microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) (LC3B-II) plays a crucial role in the formation of autophagosomes, and the conversion of unconjugated-LC3B (LC3B-I) to LC3B-II is the index of the induction of autophagy. Autophagy that removes mitochondria is called mitophagy. Damaged mitochondria are isolated and removed by macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy), which degrades cellular components with autophagosomes. Ischemia, hypoxia, and traumatic injury cause mitochondrial damage in neurons and astrocytes. Astrocytes play an important role in the central nervous system.
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